A laboratory is a facility that is equipped for carrying out scientific experiments or procedures for the purposes of research, teaching, or analysis for service provision under controlled and optimal working conditions. Anatomy is the basic essential science of medicine, laboratories of anatomy are those facilities equipped for carrying out such scientific experiments to understand the structures and functions of human and animal bodies. The laboratories of anatomy, as generally required, for any conventional laboratory, do serve three known basic functions. Each could be a teaching, research, or service laboratory or perform two or three of the functions. Common laboratory units in the department of anatomy include anatomy museum and workshop, animal cell and tissue culture laboratory, biological anthropology and forensic anatomy laboratory, clinical embryology and andrology laboratory, cytogenetic laboratory, histology and histochemistry laboratory, mortuary and gross anatomy laboratory, and radiological anatomy laboratory.

Background: Knowledge of the anatomy and variations of the major fissures are essential to recognize pulmonary abnormalities, for segmental lung resection and radiological interpretations. Objective: To study the morphological variations of fissures and lobes in the human cadaveric lungs. Materials and Methods: One hundred specimens of formalin-fixed adult lungs of unknown gender were studied and the following parameters were measured bilaterally: (a) presence or absence of complete or incomplete fissure, (b) presence of accessory fissure, and (c) length of fissures. The observations and measurements were recorded, compiled, and tabulated and the result was compared with the other studies. Results: Length of oblique fissure was 29.36 ± 5.61cm with range of 17.9 - 42.0 cm on the right side and 26.81 ± 8.18 cm with range of 10.8–38.9 cm on the left side. Length of horizontal fissure was 10.2 ± 8.4 cm with range of 6.1–12.8 cm on the right side. Oblique fissure was complete in 84.0% cases on the right side and was in 82.0% cases on the right side. It was incomplete or absent in 16% (R) and 18% (L) cases. Horizontal fissure was complete in 74% and incomplete or absent in 26% of cases. Accessory fissure was found in a total of eight lung specimens. Conclusions: The knowledge of anatomy of fissures of the lung provides information on lobar anatomy with variations. The present study result and its comparison with other researches confirmed that lobar architecture is not constant. It emphasizes its usefulness in the diagnostic and surgical field.

Background: The growing concerns about male reproductive dysfunction as well as obesity have necessitated the present study. Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of intake of palm wine on body weight, testis weight and microarchitecture of the testis in adult Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Ten mature male rats weighing between 101 g and 180 g were assigned into two groups of A and B, consisting of five animals each that all had access to rat chow and water ad libitum. Fresh undiluted palm wine gotten as sap (juice) from oil palm trees was collected from a local palm wine tapper at every three days interval and often conserved in a refrigerator after every use before being replaced with a fresh collection on the 4th day. While group A served as control, group B animals were orally administered with 10ml/kg body weight per day of the palm wine for twenty-one days. The G&G(R) Electronic Scale (JJ1000 Capacity) was the instrument used for the assessment of the weight parameters. The analysis of variance was the statistical tool used to determine the weight differences between the two groups and P < 0.05 was taken as the statistically significant value; with the data presented as Mean ± SEM. Results: The outcome of the research on weight parameters showed non significant changes as the means for the initial and final body weights in group A were 108 g and 136 g ± 0.28 while those in group B were 138 g and 165 g ± 0.29 respectively. The testis mean weight of group A animals was 3.3 g ± 0.05 while that of group B was 3.8 g ± 0.07. Following routine histological processing, the micro-anatomic studies of testicular tissue samples from group B revealed focal disordered arrangement of sperm–producing cells. Conclusion: The findings therefore show that regular intake of fermented palm sap popularly known as palm wine may not significantly affect body weight nor testis weight, but can gradually distort testicular tissue architecture with abnormally structured cells.

Background: Few data are available on the association between birthweight, birth order (BO), and age at menarche. Previous studies have indicated a significant association between birthweight, BO, and age at menarche. Aim: this cross-sectional study examines the association between birthweight, BO, and age at menarche of Nigerien schoolgirls. Materials and Methods: Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected with questionnaires from a total of 487 adolescent schoolgirls aged 12–27 years. Results: Schoolgirls with low birthweight reach menarche earlier than those with normal birthweight (13.59 years vs. 13.94 years, P= 0.004). BO showed statistically significant impact on age at menarche with the first-born girls reaching menarche earlier than the later-born girls (F = 5.17,P< 0.001). Age at menarche was positively related to all the measured anthropometrics at P< 0.01. Multiple regression analyses revealed that only BO is a significant predictor of age at menarche (P < 0.000). Conclusion: Our results suggest an association between birthweight, BO, and age at menarche.

Background: Cigarette smoking is a major public health problem. Different disease conditions have been linked to smoking as a risk factor, including infertility, with most studies focusing on semen quality. Aim: The current study aimed at determining the effects of cigarette smoking on the histology of both the testes and epididymis in animal models. Materials and Methods: Sixteen adult male Wistar rats were grouped into four groups: Control Group A and 3 treated Groups B, C, and D, exposed to 1, 2, and 3 sticks of cigarette, respectively. Smoking chambers, made of cylindrical containers, were constructed indigenously and used for the exposure procedure. Each stick was suspended within the chamber and allowed to completely burn for about 10 min. Cigarette exposure was carried out for 28 consecutive days. Both the testes and caudal epididymis were examined histologically. Results: There was distortion of the testicular and epididymal architecture and varying degrees of structural degeneration, especially in the group exposed to the highest concentration of cigarette smoke; spermatogenic cells appeared to decrease in population and there was a reduction in the density of mature spermatozoa in the lumen of the epididymis and seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: The architectural changes in the testes and epididymis explain the reasons for low or poor semen quality in subjects exposed to cigarette smoke, and possible impaired reproduction.

Background: The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of season of birth and settlement on body dimensions of children and adolescents from Niger Republic. The study group comprises 1547 boys and 1660 girls from Niger Republic. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in rural, urban, and semi-urban regions in the Southeast Region of Niger Republic. Data were collected with structured questionnaire followed by anthropometric measurements of stature and weight. Others are head, hip, waist, leg, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Biceps, triceps, subscapular, and supra-iliac skinfolds were also measured. Statistical analyses included Student's t- test, one-way analysis of variance. Results: Birth weight, weight, stature, and body mass index showed little sexual dimorphism across various age groups. There were significant differences in all anthropometric variables based on settlements (P < 0.01) except menstrual cycle and duration (P > 0.05). Individuals residing in semi-urban area have significantly higher body dimensions than those from the other two settlements except for stature, weight, and MUAC. Individuals born in dry season have higher body dimensions than their counterparts born in wet season. Marked significant differences in body dimensions based on the season of birth were observed among boys than girls. Conclusion: The present study reveals difference in body sizes based on settlements while the magnitude of the impact of season of birth is more among boys than girls.

Introduction: Many articles have measured the coronary artery size and compared with similar studies to verify the differences between populations. This study also compares its finding with other identical studies with an attempt to integrate them to evaluate earlier conclusions made on population differences. Materials and Methods: Normal coronary angiograms from the preexisting database of patients who underwent cardiac catheterization were analyzed for their sizes using catheter tip as calibrating object. Results: The measurements of left main coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, circumflex artery (CX), and right coronary artery (RCA) were 2.53 ± 0.26 mm, 1.86 ± 0.19 mm, 1.77 ± 0.27 mm, and 1.80 ± 0.22 mm, respectively, after being adjusted to body surface area. Coronary vessel sizes were compared between Indians, Nepalese, and the Caucasians. The RCA was significantly larger in the Indians as compared to Nepalese and Caucasians whereas Nepalese left anterior descending and CX arteries were significantly larger than both Indians and Caucasians while the left main artery was significantly larger among Nepalese than Indians. Conclusion: After evaluating our findings with various other similar studies, this study concludes that coronary artery diameter varies with populations.

Background: Rauvolfia vomitoria is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of hypertension and mental disorders. The effects of the ethanolic root bark extract of R. vomitoria were determined in this study. Materials and Methods: Eighteen male and female young albino Wistar rats weighing 100–160 g were randomly assigned to three Groups 1, 2, and 3 of 6 rats each. The control (Group 1) received 0.1 ml of 20% solution of Tween 80, while Groups 2 and 3 received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of the root bark extract of R. vomitoria, respectively, for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed on the 15^th day; the cerebellum of each rat was harvested, processed, and then stained using the hematoxylin and eosin method and immunohistochemical staining technique for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results: The results showed swelling and atrophy of Purkinje cells, proliferation of reactive astrocytes and increased expression of GFAP, a significant reduction in the body weight of experimental animals, but no difference in brain weight compared with the control. Conclusion: The ethanolic root bark extract of R. vomitoria has a deleterious effect on the cerebellum and body weight of young albino Wistar rats but does not affect brain weight.

Background: Higher level of uniqueness exhibited by fingerprints and face across different individuals, sex, and population may suggest that there could be some mechanisms that control the two simultaneously. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the correlation between thumbprint ridge counts with facial distances and angles and to predict the facial distances and angles from thumbprints ridge counts among Hausa Ethnic Group. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The study population comprises 457 participants. The ridged count was determined from ulnar, radial, and proximal areas of the thumbs. The facial distances and angles were measured from two-dimensional images. Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used for relationship and prediction, respectively. Results: It was observed that in males, a significant negative correlation was observed between left orbital height and radial ridge counts. The right and left proximal ridge counts were found to correlate negatively with interocular distances and left orbital width, respectively. The nasion angle significantly correlated negatively with right ulnar ridge counts and proximal ridge counts, whereas the left proximal ridge count correlated positively with proximal ridge counts. In females, only the right and left ulnar ridge counts correlated negatively and positively with nasomental angle and right orbital width, respectively. Facial angles were predicted from ulnar ridge counts in both sexes. In females, the left ulnar ridge count predicts the right orbital height and width. The left and right orbital heights were best predicted by left proximal ridge count. Conclusion: The thumbprint ridge count correlates with facial distances and angles. Different types of facial dimensions and angles can be predicted from thumbprint ridge counts.

Background: There is a passionate desire for couples to own their own biological children. Unfortunately, infertility index has been increasing with about 50% attributed to male factor infertility. Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) has been suggested as one of the causes of infertility in men; however, there have been controversies as regards its relationship with the successful management of infertility. Aim: This study is aimed at determining the impact of SDF on fertility potentials in a rat model. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each. Groups A₁(distilled water) and B₁ (2 g/kg of 30% v/v ethanol) lasted for 4 weeks while Groups A₂(control; distilled water) and B₂ (2 g/kg of 30% v/v ethanol) lasted for 8 weeks. At the end of each treatment, the animals were introduced to female SD rats on the proestrous day of their cycle. The testis was harvested and tested for oxidative stress while the cauda epididymis was harvested to test for epididymal sperm Parameters and SDF. Results: The sperm count, sperm motility, and the number of fetuses sired by the animals that received alcohol decreased significantly (P < 0.05). There was also a significant increase in malondialdehyde and SDF and a concomitant decrease in testicular superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels in animals that received alcohol compared to controls. Conclusion: Alcohol Increased oxidative stress and SDF altering the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize oocytes.

Aim: This study investigated the healing effects of a flavonoid-rich fraction of Musa paradisiaca (MP) fruit on the histomorphology and histomorphometry of the gastric corpus in Wistar rats following aspirin-induced gastric lesion. This was with a view to providing information on the alternative therapies of treating gastric ulcers using unripe fruits of MP. Materials and Methods: Ninety adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups of 15 rats each. Aspirin at a dose of 400 mg/kg was dissolved in distilled water and administered as a single oral dose to induce gastric lesions in the test groups of rats. After 24 h, flavonoid fraction of MP was administered to groups C, D, and E at graded doses for 21 days, whereas group F rats received omeprazole at 1.8 mg/kg. On days 14, 21, and 28, five rats from each group were sacrificed. The pH value of the gastric contents was determined, gastric tissues were processed using paraffin wax embedding method; sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue/PAS. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Histomorphological and histomorphometric studies showed a restorative effect of flavonoid fraction of MP in all the treated groups of rats as there was a significant (P = 0.0001) (P = 0.0001) increase in the total mucosal and glandular mucosal layers when compared with the test control. There was a progressive and dose-dependent improvement in staining for mucus-secreting cells in the treated groups as well as a significant (P = 0.0001) increase in a number of cells in the treatment groups when compared with the control. Conclusion: MP attenuated the deleterious effects of aspirin on the stomach by strengthening mucosa defensive factors.

Background: Antihypertensive drugs have been reported to induce reproductive toxicity, and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) is responsible for the control of reproductive functions. Hence, there is a need to compare the effects of taken commonly used synthetic and natural antihypertensive drugs (Methyldopa and Moringa oleifera) on HPG-axis. Aim: This study was aimed to determine the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal responses to the administration of methyldopa and aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in male Wistar rats. Methodology: Twenty-five male adult Wistar rats weighed between 150 and 200 g were divided into five groups (A–E), with each group comprising fi ve rats. Group E was designated as the control group which received physiological saline while rats of Group A and B received 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of M. oleifera, respectively. Rats of Group C and D received 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of methyldopa, respectively, for 30 days. Results: Andrological parameters (sperm count, sperm morphology, sperm motility, serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone concentration) in Group B rats showed significant increase when compare with the methyldopa-treated group (C and D) and control group E rats. Group D rats showed slight abnormalities in sperm morphology and slight decrease in sperm motility when compare with the control group E. Histoarchitecture of the testes of Group A, B, and E rats showed normal seminiferous tubules with full maturation of the germinal cell layers and only Group B rats contained more spermatozoa in their lumen. Group C and D rats showed some of their seminiferous tubules with incomplete maturation of germinal cell layers with their lumens contained fat deposit with no spermatozoa. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves as an antihypertensive drug showed high beneficiary effects on male fertility over methyldopa.